Biofuel production has significantly increased in the past couple of decades with the aim of protecting the environment and ensuring energy independence. Another study evaluated the entire process of producing biofuel from microalgae cultivated anaerobically in digested WW . Developing detailed projections about future protein demand is beyond the scope of this paper. Thus, aquaculture has the potential to be a key element of a circular food system. During production of dairy-based ingredients, as the protein content is increased, lactose and mineral salts are removed generating a by-product permeate stream, i.e., ultrafiltration of skim milk generates MPC and milk permeate whereas filtration of whey generates WPC and a whey permeate. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (. Biofuel production has significantly increased in the past couple of decades with the aim of protecting the environment and ensuring energy independence. Klunder H.C., Wolkers-Rooijackers J.C.M., Korpela J.M., Nout M.J.R. Hayes M., Mora L., Hussey K., Aluko R.E. Impacts of feeding less food-competing feedstuffs to livestock on global food system sustainability. Nutritional composition and antinutritional factors of mung bean seeds (. Sidhu K.S. Chem. Environmental impact and sustainability of production during powder manufacture are key factors for milk processors when determining the type of protein ingredient to produce. Sustainable Aviation Fuel Grand Challenge. Transgenic plants for enhanced biofuel production. Udenigwe C.C., Aluko R.E. FOIA It can be converted into liquid transportation fuels that are equivalent to fossil-based fuels, such as gasoline, jet, and diesel fuel. There are some concerns that vegans, or diet containing plant proteins as the major source of protein, are nutrient deficient due to unbalanced protein sources [59]. Mattick C.S., Landis A.E., Allenby B.R. Cereal seed storage proteins: Structures, properties and role in grain utilization. Sustainable Aviation Fuel Grand Challenge. While the United Nations, some governments and several NGOs are implementing campaigns to reduce the amount of meat consumed [33,34], global meat consumption is expected to increase by 76% by 2050 [35]. Economic development and increased urbanization is leading to major transitions in population-level dietary patterns in low and middle income countries in particular, such that most of the global increases in demand for foods of animal origin are seen in developing countries [6]. They have a wide range of physiological effects that have been demonstrated in animal models previously. and Dunaliella salina. The authors used a system boundary covering the dairy, the farm, and transportation through to processing. Sreerama Y., Seshikala V., Pratape V., Singh V. Nutrients and antinutrients in cowpea and horse gram flour in comparison to chickpea flour. and transmitted securely. On a global basis, plant based protein is of immense importance and there is significant interest in its ability to meet growing demand for protein from non-meat sources. However, more recently, insects have been identified as an alternative source of protein for the Western world, not only as a delicacy or for emergency nutrition [73], supported by organizations such as the FAO [72] and the European Commission. Microalgae as a source of protein. Bioactive Food Peptides in Health and Disease. Fundamental study on protein changes taking place during malting of oats. Seaweed ash salt can impart a smoky taste to foods. Furthermore, many insects are consumed whole, which includes their gut microflora which may affect microbiological quality of the food product [10] and specific health implications associated with using organic feedstocks to produce the insects need to be assessed (for example (undesirable) substrate materials can be transferred into the protein products and thus into the human food chain). Waste from the food is a challenge to the environment all over the globe, hence there is need to be recycled. Campos-Vega R., Loarca-Pia G., Oomah B.D. This paper outlines some potential demand scenarios and provides an overview of selected existing and novel protein sources in terms of their potential to sustainably deliver protein for the future, considering drivers and challenges relating to nutritional, environmental, and technological and market/consumer domains. The new PMC design is here! In Europe, the removal of quotas in 2015 resulted in a significant increase in milk production and protein ingredient manufacture has provided an avenue for utilization of this milk pool. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Such criticisms seem to be mainly related to the use of plant-based protein for animal feed and the increased environmental pressures associated with the development of industrialised farming systems to meet this demand. Dairy production at farm level is subject to many of the negative environmental impacts associated with meat production due to its requirement for land and water and production of GHGs. Jansen G.R., DiMaio L.R., Hause N.L. Indeed, many stakeholders are needed to contribute to a future food system which provides enough safe, authentic food for us all to have healthy lives now and in the future [81]. Insects vary considerably in fat, and thus energy levels, with some insects recorded as having 77 g/100 g dry weight. 8. Garca-Vaquero M., Hayes M. Red and green macroalgae for fish, animal feed and human functional food development. nova-Institute is a private and independent research institute, founded in 1994; nova offers research and consultancy with a focus on the transition of the chemical and material industry to renewable carbon. Which scenario is most likely is dependent on the balance between competing forces that promote and restrict protein consumption. When made from seaweed (macroalgae) it can be known as seaweed fuel or seaweed oil.It is also carbon negative unless the dead plant matter is Meat is an important component of the human diet, and beef in particular has played a key role in food security in terms of providing energy, protein, and essential micronutrients. Announcing the launch of In Review. Mapping Supply and Demand for Animal-Source Foods to 2030, Animal Production and Health Working Paper. Microalgal lipid production has attracted global attention in next-generation biofuel research. As highlighted above, microalgae have a value as ingredients for cosmetic, pharmaceutical and functional food applications as well as in polymer manufacture and in industry. In addition, maize as a source of protein is very similar in terms of its contribution to calories intake globally. A Tubular glass p hotobioreactor in use for culturing spirulina microalgae. Carrington D. Insects Could be the Key to Meeting Food Needs of Growing Global Population. All of these activities need to be developed simultaneously, resulting in costs and risks. EU representing 82% of the total biofuel production (Bozbas, 2008) and has been reported to emit substantially lower quantities of most of the regulated pollutants compared to mineral diesel. Cyanobacteria and Microalgae: Thermoeconomic Considerations in Biofuel Production. Only two microalgae are used primarily in the EUSpirulina and Chlorella spp. Protein from meat is an excellent source of essential amino acids and has high net protein utilization and digestibility [38]. While plant-based protein sources often lack one or more amino acids in sufficient quantity to meet human nutritional needs [21], combinations of different proteins, including cereal-pulse combinations, and supplementation, can help to overcome this in strict vegan or vegetarian diets. Whey protein and essential amino acids promote the reduction of adipose tissue and increased muscle protein synthesis during caloric restriction-induced weight loss in elderly, obese individuals. A review. As a result, biofuel production from microalgae coupled with WWT is a promising approach. Protein ingredients are commonly manufactured as powder, but liquid-based convenience formats are growing rapidly. 5. Products obtained by using a blend of cereal and pulses can balance the amino acids and may improve the nutritive value of the product. Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods which (fat-rich) varieties of algae is an ongoing research topic. Delgado C.L. Rossi-Fanelli A., Antonini E., Brunori M., Bruzzesi M., Caputo A., Satrani K. Isolation of a monodisperse fraction from cottonseeds. Moreover, the value of many novel protein sources may extend beyond food. From an environmental perspective, meat production, at a global level, contributes significantly to climate change and land use change [40]. Dairy based powders will remain a leading source of protein for the foreseeable future. Algae fuel, algal biofuel, or algal oil is an alternative to liquid fossil fuels that uses algae as its source of energy-rich oils. However, the use of microalgae biomass grown in wastewater for crop production is still quite scarce (Kang et al., 2021). The approach of biofilm cultivation is promising for biofuel production by microalgae or cyanobacteria , . Already 6.4 billion or 24 million tonnes of algae (mainly seaweed) are farmed globally [35] and protein-rich micro-algae are seen as a forerunner resource to close the so-called protein gap. Such factors include increased awareness of the impact of food production and consumption on the environment and on health. In addition to economic and sensory factors, environmental, ethical and societal factors are at play. The scenarios presented are somewhat simplistic in that they are based on current knowledge about consumption levels in developed and developing countries as well as prevailing knowledge regarding the amount of protein required to meet basic nutritional needs. Bioactivities associated with cereal proteins include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cholesterol-lowering, satiety, anti-diabetic and others as reviewed recently [18]. As highlighted by Gerber and colleagues [37], ruminants play a key role in converting fibrous material, which cannot be digested by humans, into protein which has a high nutritional value. Several sources of cell can be used including embryonic stem cells from pre-implantation embryos or adult stem cells. Furthermore, new research on the benefits of protein beyond muscle development and maintenance, for example research on the impact of protein on satiety and weight management [9] and more recently on hunger stimulation in hunger-suppressed individuals such as the elderly, continues to emerge, further stimulating increased demand. Notwithstanding the fact that plant-based protein is deemed to be preferable from a landuse and GHG emission perspective than animal-based proteins, plant protein is also subject to environmental criticisms. Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; Carbon footprint of Canadian dairy products: Calculations and issues. World List of Edible Insects 2015. Kunjapur Aditya M. Photobioreactor Design for Commercial Biofuel Production from Microalgae. Quantifying their (higher) aggregate value may support more widespread adoption. These authors also cautioned against using results from one modelling scenario to approximate other models. The WRAP report states that ensuring the UK has a diversified, sustainable and healthy supply of protein will be one of the defining challenges of the coming decades. The amino acid content of seaweeds is comparable to protein sources such as eggs or soybean. Based on the FAO Food Balance Sheet data, it is clear that global meat consumption has increased significantly in recent decades. Production costs and energy requirements mean that such systems are currently confined to high value protected crops, e.g., salad crops, rather than field grown crops, with limited relevance for protein production currently. The infant formula sector has particularly stringent quality specifications, including microbial specifications and chemical residues (e.g., veterinary drug residues). It will be dependent on addressing what Rozin and Fallon [79] identify as three important motives that lead to product rejection: negative sensory properties (distaste), harmful consequences (perceived danger) and ideational factors. The Belgian food safety authority allowed the sale of ten different types of insects for food consumption in 2013 following a federal ruling. Bhat R., Karim A.A. Aquaculture supplies 50% of all fish consumed globally today and by 2030 it is predicted that aquaculture will be the prime source of fish due firstly to demands from consumers, and secondly due to depletion of wild capture fisheries [87]. Klose C., Schehl B.D., Arendt E.K. Wilks M., Phillips C.J.C. Plusieurs expressions concurrentes coexistent en langue franaise. Incorporation of protein into mainstream confectionary like this, adds to the complexity of protein markets, as now, global distribution chains are not solely associated with the sports and lifestyle/nutritional beverage sector. Meat Consumption in Europe: Issues, Trends and Debates. CO 2 captured from these exhaust stream itself varies in concentration. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Regulatory changes are expected but it is not clear when this will happen, which means companies are currently focusing on insects for animal feed and pet food rather than human consumption. Currently vegetal sources of protein dominate protein supply globally (57%), with meat (18%), dairy (10%), fish and shellfish (6%) and other animal products (9%) making up the remainder [12]. As a complementary strategy, the UN, largely through the FAO, the EU and many NGOs, is driving the production of alternative proteins. OECD/FAO 2013 OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 20132022. United Nations 2015 Revision of World Population Prospects, United Nations. Dietary emissions patterns and their effect on the overall climate impact of food consumption. It considers implications and opportunities for current and novel/emerging animal and plant-based protein sources. [(accessed on 17 July 2017)]; Tilman D., Clark M. Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health. The establishment of a trade group called International Platform for Insects for Food and Feed (IPIFF) is also significant. Rising consumption of meat and milk in developing countries has created a new food revolution. The protein content of seaweeds also varies depending on the geographical location of harvest and the season of harvest. It was shown that microalgae reduced 57.4% of eutrophication problems, 22.6% of ozone, and 2.7% of global warming .