It is used here in the sense of the pollutant concentration at the interface between the human and their environment (e.g., in the breathing zone). Y 2011). These uncombusted products might have some utility for the development of biomarkers. Unsure how to calculate mean square error of a variable with a joint distribution, How to derive the cdf of a lognormal distribution from its pdf, Consider K() = U for [0,1/3], K() = 0 for (1/3,2/3], and K() = D. Find U and D for the given expected value and standard deviation, Find the value of an integral using Monte-Carlo method, Estimating the population median from a kernel density estimator. Studies are divided into those that examined (1) respiratory symptoms and spirometry values, (2) asthma, (3) respiratory infections, and (4) effects on the eye. Although this review focused on kerosene in the residential sector, which typically contains no performance additives, studies of kerosene-based aviation fuel are included where they are informative. 2010). 46, 824833. Key terms and concepts that are expressed as synonymous keywords and index terms, such as Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), must be combined using Boolean operators AND, OR and NOT (Ecker and Skelly, 2010). Furthermore, there are various limitations of the current approaches considering both methodological and computational aspects. This conflicting interpretation may help to account for apparently inconsistent research resultsinfluenced by whether kerosene is combined with the reference (clean) fuels in the data analysis or whether it is combined with the fuels under investigation, often biomass. Then, the pseudo copula observations are defined as, The corresponding empirical copula is then defined as. The CI represents the range of values within which the true mean outcome is contained with the probability of 1-. For instance, Ylmn et al. Inhalation of aerosolized kerosene (2035 mg/L air) for 420 min was associated with bronchoconstriction, hyperirritability, and indicators of inflammatory response (Casac et al. Heterogeneity was quantified by Q, I2, and H2 heterogeneity statistics. 5. 247, 131135. Baujat plot. Figure 2 summarizes this proposed framework. It only takes a minute to sign up. The results for kerosene were more discrepant: 5% of cases and 25% of controls used the fuel for cooking (unadjusted OR = 0.15, exact 95% CI: 0.040.43), whereas 37% of cases and 3% of controls used kerosene for lighting (unadjusted OR = 19.4, exact 95% CI: 5.7101). such that Biochem. Venn AJ, Yemaneberhan H, Bekele Z, Lewis SA, Parry E, Britton J. Role of chemical mediators in bronchoconstriction induced by kerosene. (2007) carried out a case-control study of 104 ALRI cases and 104 controls among children aged 1 mo to 5 yr in Mysore, India. However, the Q-test has been shown to be inadequately powered when the number of studies is too low (N < 10) and excessively powered when study number is too high (N > 50) (Gavaghan et al., 2000; Higgins et al., 2003). d-monotone for all I The unadjusted OR for kerosene stoves was 0.9 (95% CI: 0.51.6) and for woodstoves was 1.4 (0.63.6). WHO also provides a separate guideline for naphthalene (C10H8), a two-ring compound and the simplest PAH, which partitions almost entirely in the gas phase. F A substantial variance in their size distributions was observed (Fig. MetaXL User Guide: Version 1.0. ( Thats the topic for this post! Wedema, B.P. The generalized meta-regression model is specified as. Barendregt, J., and Doi, S. (2009). = The survival function is also known as the survivor function or reliability function.. Optical properties of kerosene particles from the lamp were similar to those of diesel soot. and in reverse $F(x) = \int_{1}^x f(t)\,dt$ for $x \ge 1$. 1 Caution is needed in interpreting these results, as no adjustment was made for solid fuel cooking, which was also associated with greater AM particulate loading. The information provided to Monte Carlo simulation may be updated and relevance assessed by combining it with Bayesian inference. Qresidual is also used to approximate the unexplained interstudy variance residual2, Which can be used to calculate Rexplained2 estimated as. (A) Original figure (Bodin et al., 1992) with axes, data points and corresponding errors marked by reviewer. Poisonings from ingestion of kerosene, particularly in children, are unfortunately common in developing countries. WHO established a precautionary 24-h indoor guideline level of 20 g/m3, with interim target levels at 50 and 125 g/m3 (WHO 2010). Received: 22 December 2017; Accepted: 15 February 2019; Published: 27 March 2019. J. Energy sources of India household for cooking and lighting, NSS 61st Round (July 2004June 2005), Report no. d {\displaystyle C(u,v)} 2010). {\displaystyle [0,\infty )} Less investigated are the risks of exposures to kerosene combustion products. 52 Interpatient reproducibility and variance of multiple reference tissues was measured in 12 patients with at least 3 consecutive PET/CT studies over periods up to one year apart. Identifying all sources of bias is unfeasible, however, tools are available to estimate the extent of bias present. Nucleic Acids Res. IARC. Emissions from laboratory combustion of wildland fuels: Emission factors and source profiles. The editor and reviewer's affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. Only one of the following may be counted: Mathematics 403K, 408C, 408K, 408N. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. Screening-level hazard characterization, Kerosene/jet-fuel category. Sponsored chemicals for the assessment included kerosene and hydrosulfurized kerosene, while aviation kerosene blends were considered as supporting chemicals due to their compositional similarities to the sponsored chemicals. Occupational exposures in petroleum refining; Crude oil and major petroleum fuels. Mills E. The specter of fuel-based lighting. No measurements for pressure lamps were found in the literature. Two random samples (100 each) of children aged 1314 yr were selected according to whether or not they reported wheezing in the past 12 mo. X doi: 10.19080/BBOAJ.2017.01.555555, Patsopoulos, N. A., Evangelou, E., and Ioannidis, J. P. A. F Gharaibeh NS. There are two main categories of kerosene cooking stoves described in the literature: wick stoves, with 610 wicks (but as many as 2030), and pressure stoves, which pressurize the kerosene manually or using heat, and burn the aerosolized fuel. 2011). (D) Extracted values were consistent with true values evaluated by linear regression with the slope slope, red line: line of equality. Furthermore, based on the available information, three tiers have been proposed to incorporate uncertainty analysis in LCA studies. RR (95% CI) for 1 h/d kerosene heater use: Number of children in house, multifamily dwelling, allergy, education, race, gas stove use, state of residence, fireplace use, gas space heater use, wood stove use. 1 52 Interpatient reproducibility and variance of multiple reference tissues was measured in 12 patients with at least 3 consecutive PET/CT studies over periods up to one year apart. , A weighted histogram can be constructed by first binning studies according to their effect sizes. 1994). The term reliability function is common in engineering while the term survival function is used in a broader range of applications, including human mortality. Kandpal et al. Psychol. Elevated levels of benzene were measured in a sample of five households with kerosene stoves in Mumbai, India (103.4 g/m3; I/O ratio = 3.3) (Pandit et al. 2 The absolute effect size, computed as a mean outcome or absolute difference from baseline, is the simplest, is independent of variance, and retains information about the context of the data (Baguley, 2009). 10:203. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00203. * Testing was conducted only during meal preparations. Similar effects were also observed in rats given a single 0.05-ml dose of kerosene fuel intratracheally. Graphical depictions of uncertainty can be deceptive, easily misinterpreted, or unnecessarily intricate at times. Meta-analysis and causal inference: a case study of benzene and non-hodgkin lymphoma. Biosci. Physiol. Is there any alternative way to eliminate CO2 buildup than by breathing or even an alternative to cellular respiration that don't produce CO2? Replicates and repeatswhat is the difference and is it significant? The goal of any meta-analysis is to provide an outcome estimate that is representative of all study-level findings. 0 In probability theory and statistics, a copula is a multivariate cumulative distribution function for which the marginal probability distribution of each variable is uniform on the interval [0, 1]. 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. By applying the probability integral transform to each component, the random vector. (C,D) Distributions of study-level outcomes. 5 illustrates the distribution characteristics of bubble diameters and velocities. {\displaystyle R\in [-1,1]^{d\times d}} {\displaystyle c} Kerosene fuel is known to contain low levels of sulfur, usually <0.10%, or <0.04% for 1K grade. Nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are formed in reactions between atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen during the combustion process, particularly at higher combustion temperatures. At least one study (Saksena et al. The extent to which these additives alter the toxicological properties of kerosene is currently unclear (Ritchie et al. 0 1 ( Table 1 presents pollutant emission factors and Table 2 microenvironmental and personal monitoring results for criteria health pollutants measured in studies of kerosene heating. Br. For other uses, see, Expectation for copula models and Monte Carlo integration, Mathematical derivation of copula density function, List of copula density functions and applications. Globally, an estimated 500 million households still use fuels, particularly kerosene, for lighting. What you "know" about CDFs is that they eventually approach zero as the argument $x$ decreases without bound and eventually approach one as $x \to \infty$. C has a density c, this equation can be written as, and if each marginal distribution has the density In areas where electricity is unaffordable, unavailable, or unreliable, kerosene is often the primary lighting fuel. Ecoinvent Report 1 (V3). and Surface chemistry and composition may be determinants of toxicity, but their importance is still uncertain (Stanek et al. The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at. ( Y R The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that there was inadequate evidence for kerosene as a human carcinogen, and limited evidence for its carcinogenicity in experimental animals (IARC 1989). How can we improve the pre-clinical development of drugs for stroke? However, W is a copula only in two dimensions, in which case it corresponds to countermonotonic random variables. ), The users of the formula have been criticized for creating "evaluation cultures" that continued to use simple copul despite the simple versions being acknowledged as inadequate for that purpose. The emission rate (ERx) is the mass of pollutant emitted per unit timeoften used for modeling the impacts of indoor pollutant sources on air quality. Lessons learned from attempts to reform Indias kerosene subsidy. J. Adv. {\displaystyle F_{XY}(x,y)} ) , which is the cartesian product of the ranges of the marginal cdf's. 2005). Cooper KR, Alberti RR. : a brief discussion of statistics and experimental design. Relatively cleaner burning dual-stage heaters are mentioned briefly, but only limited information regarding their emissions was found (Apte et al. 2 Of the three heterogeneity statistics Qtotal, H2 and I2 described, we recommend that H2 is used as it best satisfies the criteria for a heterogeneity statistic defined by Higgins and Thompson (2002). Papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and undergo peer review For the former, copulas are used to perform stress-tests and robustness checks that are especially important during "downside/crisis/panic regimes" where extreme downside events may occur (e.g., the global financial crisis of 20072008). Med. the following bounds hold: The function W is called lower FrchetHoeffding bound and is defined as, The function M is called upper FrchetHoeffding bound and is defined as. Casecontrol study of indoor cooking smoke exposure and cataract in Nepal and India. 1 {\displaystyle X_{k}^{i}} Formal quality assessment allows the reviewer to appraise the quality of identified studies and to make informed and methodical decision regarding exclusion of poorly conducted studies. Where heating fuel is needed, biomass or coal is usually used because it is cheaper or more available. Schaubroeck, T.; Schrijvers, D.; Schaubroeck, S.; Moretti, C.; Zamagni, A.; Pelletie, N.; Huppes, G.; Brando, M. Definition of Product System and Solving Multifunctionality in ISO 14040-14044: Inconsistencies and Proposed Amendments-Toward a More Open and General LCA Framework. There is also an indication that the shift from solid to liquid fuels may influence cooking behaviors, such that reductions in exposure due to lower emissions are negated by the behavioral changes that increase the exposure concentrations (e.g., proximity, time cooking, indoors with less ventilation) (Saksena et al. Higgins and Thompson emphasized that a heterogeneity metric should be (i) dependent on magnitude of heterogeneity, (ii) independent of measurement scale, (iii) independent of sample size and (iv) easily interpretable (Higgins and Thompson, 2002). . The second result can be obtained in the same way. Greenhouse gases and other airborne pollutants from household stoves in China: A database for emission factors. {\displaystyle (U_{1},U_{2},\dots ,U_{d})} ) Thanks for the response. The original constraints are x >0 and t > x. I will change my response. 14:83. doi: 10.1186/s12961-016-0155-7. In this manuscript, we have adapted meta-analytic methods to basic science applications and provided a theoretical foundation, using OB [ATP]i and ATP release datasets, to illustrate the workflow. ; conceptualization, A.M. and S.H.G. Coal (OR = 0.61), wood (OR = 0.96), and kerosene (OR = 0.87) were not associated with symptoms. It has been suggested, based on anecdotal observation, that black carbon, a component of aerosols and important short-lived forcer that contributes to climate warming, may also be substantial in lamp emissions (DGDA 2010). {\displaystyle C(0,u)=C(u,0)=0} d Sena, E., van der Worp, H. B., Howells, D., and Macleod, M. (2007). [, In general, environmental interventions are often assumed to respond linearly to ecological systems in impact evaluations, and intervention thresholds are overlooked. {\displaystyle [0,1]^{d}} Pr , ) Values of I2 range between 0 and 100% and describe the percentage of total variation that is attributed to heterogeneity. 15 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Validity of Evidence in the Basic Sciences, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2019.00203/full#supplementary-material, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The survival function is a function that gives the probability that a patient, device, or other object of interest will survive past a certain time.. ; De Baan, L.; Hellweg, S. Two-Step Sensitivity Testing of Parametrized and Regionalized Life Cycle Assessments: Methodology and Case Study. Given the high combustion temperatures, UFP and PAH formation would also be expected to be high. Common sources of uncertainty and techniques to address them were outlined, and their frequency of use was assessed. ( The vast majority of epidemiologic studies, to date, have either relied on questionnaires for reported usage or employed microenvironmental pollutant monitoring. a Converted from ppm assuming 25C, 1 atm pressure. Furthermore, just a few of the methods have been included in LCA software, which restricts their potential for wider application in LCA research. 0 What types of methods were chosen for uncertainty treatment in LCA studies? @styfle: If it exists then $E[X^2] = \int_{1}^{\infty} x^2 f(x)\,dx$, and similarly for the expectations of other functions of $x$. In particular, the inconsistent results of the Nepal and Chandigarh TB studies underline the need for further studies of this issue. For instance, Yang et al. Further articles and publications were obtained from reference lists and Internet search engines, until we were satisfied that all substantive publications relevant to this review in publications indexed in major databases had been identified. (2003). Groen, E.A. Med. ) Study-level estimates for a fixed effect or random effects model are weighted using the inverse variance: These weights are used to calculate the global outcome ^ (Equation 3) and the corresponding standard error se(^): where N = number of datasets/studies. A case-control study of women in Hong Kong. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Sample mean and variance should be approximately p= 0:4 and p(1 p) = 0:24. Kerosene has been an important household fuel since the mid-19th century. Survey of Approaches to Improve Reliability in LCA. In part, this may be because of the favorable way that kerosene is often viewed. Elevated levels of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and nitro-PAH have been measured in mobile homes and apartments with kerosene heating devices (Mumford et al. No special Epidemiologic studies that combined kerosene with other fuels for the purposes of results presentation were not included. Critical values drawn from a z-distribution, known as z-scores (z), are used when data are normal, and a sufficiently large number of studies are available (>30). Find $E(X)$ for those values of $\alpha$ for which $E(X)$ exists. {\displaystyle C:[0,1]^{d}\rightarrow [0,1]} During the last year, the prevalence of wheeze in the urban area was 4.4% and 2% in the rural area.
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