For each pathway, the shaded areas show the range across all IAMs; the line indicates the median across models. This approach involves iterative bottom- up and experimental mechanisms that might entail addressing tenure of land or forest management through a territorial approach to development, thereby supporting multi-sectoral governance in local, municipal and regional contexts (FAO 2017b1301). Policies to increase womens access to land could occur through three main avenues of land acquisition: inheritance/family (Theriault et al. Rao (2017) recommends framing land rights as entitlements rather than as instrumental means to sustainability. Lett., 13, 014022, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aaa0b9. Qualitative evidence from Southeast Asia. Chang. Ecosyst. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5C above pre- industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. 25:(3)196-208. Environ. Kaisa, K.K. Sustain., 5, 384391, doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2013.07.005. Mastrandrea, T.E. Some processes may experience irreversible impacts at lower levels of warming than others. Free allocations can be provided to trade-exposed sectors, such as agriculture, either through historic or output-based allocations, the choice of which has important implications (Quirion 2009561). Kelley, C.P., S. Mohtadi, M.A. Sci. Can. Facial recognition tech used to monitor driver enjoyment, Tech war: US officials said to start talks with Chinese chip equipment maker Naura Technology Group over new export restrictions, A Glimpse into The Property Giant of Malaysia, GE15: In Tambun, Anwar supporters arrive in full force compared to quiet BN, Perikatan corners, Prabakaran disappointed with Tian Chua's 'selfishness' for joining Batu contest, says party will take action, GE15: Sarawak's Aspirasi drops out of fight, to focus on next state polls, GE15: Independent candidate drops out of Batu fight after hearing Tian Chua is running, GE15: Gloomy weather, drizzle at most nomination centres, Hot rock Batu can see up to 10 aspirant MPs vying for old time sake, glamour, Zahid: We faced opposition from certain former MPs over fielding more women for GE15. Diaz-Chavez, R.A., 2011: Assessing biofuels: Aiming for sustainable development or complying with the market? Brooks, J., 2014: Policy coherence and food security: The effects of OECD countries agricultural policies. Nilsson, M., and . Persson, 2012: Can Earth System interactions be governed? Glob. Leys, A.J., and J.K. Vanclay, 2011: Social learning: A knowledge and capacity building approach for adaptive co-management of contested landscapes. Revival of sustainable capture fisheries and converting aquaculture to environmentally less-damaging management regimes, is likely to succeed with the following measures: investment in recognition of their importance, improved valuation and assessment, secure tenure and adoption of social, ecological and technological guidelines, upstream-downstream river basin cooperation, and maintenance of ecological flow regimes in rivers (Youn et al. TOPGLOV 02112022. Participation in co-design for scenario planning can build social and human capital while improving understanding of food system risks and creating innovative ways for collectively planning for a more equitable and resilient food system (Himanen et al. Kunreuther, H., S. Gupta, V. Bosetti, R. Cooke, V. Dutt, M. Ha-Duong, H. Held, J.Llanes-Regueiro, A. Patt, E. Shittu, and E. Weber, 2014: Integrated Risk and Uncertainty Assessment of Climate Change Response Policies. Economics of Resilience Final Report, UK Department of International Development, UK, 184 pp. Cardona, O., and M.K. Disease, malnutrition Farmer distress, Fraser et al. Bennich, T., S. Belyazid, T. Bennich, and S. Belyazid, 2017a: The route to sustainability Prospects and challenges of the bio-based economy. Third, the weak-form efficiency would suggest that any techniques used for predicting stock prices are futile in the long-run. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Cooperative banking systems are also usually more integrated than credit union systems. Trans. Rural Stud., 36, 112, doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2014.06.003. Sci. Damages from climate and land-induced interventions on land ecosystems. 2016; Larcom and van Gevelt 2017; Lubis et al. 2014; Sumiya 2016; Suckall et al. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. 20131000). Safriel, U., 2017: Land degradation neutrality (LDN) in drylands and beyond Where has it come from and where does it go. 2018b769). Bost. 2018783) REDD+ Amazonian projects often face methodological issues, including how to assess the opportunity cost among landholders, and informing REDD+ implementation (Kweka et al. Levy, and P.H. In urban areas, they mainly serve to small industry and self-employed workers. 37:2000-10. These decision-making tools are expanded on in Section 7.5.2. Int. Through this framework, both commonalities and differences may be found between the experiences of rural and urban women, or between women in high-income and low-income countries, for example. 1:57-62. 2012; 16) Barbier and Tesfaw 2012; 17) Mitchell 2010; 18) Sunderlin et al. Policy, 18, 11141132, doi:10.1080/14693062.2018.1489772. C. Faaij, 2017a: Switching to efficient technologies in traditional biomass intensive countries: The resultant change in emissions. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Science, 356, 13561362, doi:10.1126/science.aal4108. Detecting epochs of transient dependence in white noise. Dyn., 7,327351, doi:10.5194/esd-7-327-2016. Med., 96, 264271, doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.09.043. Psychol., 43, 155165, doi:10.1016/J.JENVP.2015.06.006. Yousefpour, R., and M. Hanewinkel, 2016: Climate change and decision-making under uncertainty. Acad. The overvaluation of purchasing power parity. 20161606; Kiruki et al. 2012a21). Chang., 21, S70S81, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.002. Menz, M.H. Land Use Policy, 83, 256269, doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.02.007. Environ. Perspect., 28, 12146, doi:10.1257/jep.28.1.121. In respect of land conservation and management goals, consideration of differing strengths and weakness of instruments is necessary. Ajayi, G.W. L.Degrad. Gtz, L., T. Glauben, and B. Brmmer, 2013: Wheat export restrictions and domestic market effects in Russia and Ukraine during the food crisis. (eds.)]. Seaman, J.A., G.E. In this context, very high risk indicates that important adverse consequences are expected for all these indicators (more than 100 million people at risk of hunger, major ecosystem losses and severe water scarcity issues). Mitig. Environ., 241, 3953, doi:10.1016/j.agee.2017.02.021. Existing regimes focus on subsidies, grants and incentives, and voluntary offset programmes. Philos. However, some policies can also be seen as being designed specifically to overcome barriers, while some cases may actually create or strengthen barriers to climate action (Foudi and Erdlenbruch 2012927; Linnerooth-Bayer and Hochrainer-Stigler 2015928). 2018314; EEA 2016315; Pelling and Wisner 2012316; Oke et al. They are typically (though not exclusively) the smaller form of cooperative banking institution. Accepting deposits from non-members may also lead to a dilution of member control. J., 14, 379, doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0859-0. [22], In 2005, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled, in Chaoulli v. Quebec, that the province's prohibition on private insurance for health care already insured by the provincial plan violated the Quebec Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and in particular, the sections dealing with the right to life and security, if there were unacceptably long wait times for treatment, as was alleged in this case. However, longer-term cooperation and collaborative R&D approaches to technology transfer will be more important in land-use sectors (compared to energy or industry) due to the time needed for improved resource management and interaction between researchers, practitioners and policymakers. [60] The NHS offers patients a choice of hospitals and consultants and does not charge for its services. Metternicht, G. Testing the efficiency of the Athens Stock Exchange: Some results from the banking sector. Achieving LDN would decrease the environmental footprint of agriculture, while supporting food security and sustaining human well-being (UNCCD 2015617; Safriel 2017618; Stavi and Lal 2015619; Kust et al. Richardson, 2003: Economic incentives for restoring natural capital in southern African rangelands. Kanter, D.R. Pursuit of certain targets in one area can generate rippling effects across the system, and these in turn can have secondary impacts on yet other targets. The UK's National Health Service (NHS) is a publicly funded healthcare system that provides coverage to everyone normally resident in the UK. 2018b; Mukhtarov et al. 2016, Sustainability as a response to environmental degradation, resource depletion and ES deterioration, Recognition that governance is required as government is unable to resolve key societal and environmental problems, including climate change and complex problems, Mitigation as a means to reduce vulnerability and avoid exposure. 20161188). 2018312; Pathirana et al. Sustain., 5, 6771, doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2012.12.001. Coady, D., I. Parry, L. Sears, and B. Shang, 2017: How large are global fossil fuel subsidies? 2018b). (ed. . from Conf. Standards are normally voluntary, but can also become obligatory through legislation. 2017b353) (Section 7.4.8). Yami, M., C. Vogl, and M. Hauser, 2011: Informal institutions as mechanisms to address challenges in communal grazing land management in Tigray, Ethiopia. People ex rel. Goetz, S.J., M. Hansen, R.A. Houghton, W. Walker, N. Laporte, and J. Busch, 2015: Measurement and monitoring needs, capabilities and potential for addressing reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation under REDD+. Horcea-Milcu, P. Kirkland, T. Hartel, M. Osvth-Ferencz, and J.Fischer, 2015: Challenges for biodiversity monitoring using citizen science in transitioning social-ecological systems. Eliminating subsidies could have reduced emissions by 21%, raised 4% of global GDP as revenue (in 2013), and improved social welfare (Coady et al. While the idea is conceptually appealing, a range of criticisms, contradictions and challenges exist in using CSA as the route to resilience in global agriculture, notably around the political economy (Newell and Taylor 20171233), the vagueness of the definition, and consequent assimilation by the mainstream agricultural sector, as well as issues around monitoring, reporting and evaluation (Arakelyan et al. Serv., 12, 137147, doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.02.005. Figures at close of institution's 2007 financial year, from organization's annual report. Experiments in emissions trading between 1968 and 2000 in the USA helped to realise specific models of governance and material practices through mutually supportive lab experiments and field applications that advanced collective knowledge (Vo and Simons 20181361). 2017a95; Harvey et al. This cross-chapter box brings together the salient economic concepts underpinning the assessments of SLM and mitigation options presented in this report. Stud., 19, 3552. Chang., 21, 227237, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.07.013. 2017102), and brings risks of reduced ES including supporting services related to soil formation. Rauken, T., P.K. et al., 2015: Profiling risk and sustainability in coastal deltas of the world. 2016b109) (Section 4.4). Land-based climate mitigation through expansions and enhancements in agriculture, forestry and bioenergy has great potential but also poses great risks; its success will therefore require improved land- use planning, strong governance frameworks and coherent and consistent policies. 2017b; Hoffmann et al. Clim. Manage., 130, 19, doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.08.033. In: Global Warming of 1.5C. Throughout this period, policy makers emphasized more on building institutional capacity and strengthening the financial system. These barriers include: (i) disproportionate responsibility for unpaid domestic work, including care-giving activities (Beuchelt and Badstue 2013) and provision of water and firewood (UNEP, 2016); (ii) risk of violence in both public and private spheres, which restricts womens mobility for capacity-building activities and productive work outside the home (Day et al., 2005; Jost et al., 2016; UNEP, 2016); (iii) less access to credit and financing (Jost et al. 2017a449; Wilkinson et al. Ecol. ; Rietig 2018; Cavicchi et al. Food insecurity, for example, can occur due to a mixture of market and environmental factors (changes in food prices, animal or crop prices, rainfall patterns) (Venton 20181097). Melvin, A.M. et al., 2017: Climate change damages to Alaska public infrastructure and the economics of proactive adaptation. Monit. Policy, 16, 752767, doi:10.1080/14693062.2015.1050348. This test is written as follows: Where yit denotes the Panel Exponential Smooth Transition Autoregressive Process (PESTAR(1)) of order one on the time domain t=1,2,,T for cross section units i=1,2,,N, assuming that yit follows the DGP with fixed effect or heterogeneous intercept parameter i. 2012137). 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(2011). Bennett, J.E., 2013: Institutions and governance of communal rangelands in South Africa. 5:(10)1291-5. For examples, the break dates around the year 2002 may correspond to the events of global economic downturn and Dotcom crash in 2000-2002, the observed breaks in June-August 2009 may relate to the 2009 flu outbreak (H1N1) in Malaysia, the fluctuations in world crude oil prices in 2004-2006 may explain breaks around this particular period, the US subprime mortgage crisis and Great Recession can explain the drastic changes in the series during 2008-2009, and the period of 2011-2012 corresponds to global economic downturn and the European sovereign debt crisis. Natl. Furthermore, the adoption of metrics based on the emerging concept of Natures Contributions to People (NCP) under the IPBES framework brings in non-economic instruments and values that, in combination with conventional valuation of ES approaches, could elicit greater support for non- consumptive water use of rivers for achieving SDG goals (De Groot et al. Kirkwood and Nahm (2005) study a sample of ten retail banks listed on Australian Stock Exchange for the period of 1995-2002. 2016857; Deryugina 2013858; Dillon et al. The world's largest building society is Britain's Nationwide Building Society. 201654; Tanner et al. It is found that, the percentage of change in stock prices reflects the percentage of change in the overall technical efficiency. Positive externalities include sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) and improved soil water filtration from afforestation. ONeill et al. The overwhelming majority of countries (93%) cite weak forest sector governance and institutions in their applications for REDD+ readiness funding (Kissinger et al. Liller, H.B., and K. Van den Broeck, 2011: Economic drivers of migration and climate change in LDCs. doi:30. How Did Bank Lending To Small Business In The United States Fare After The Financial Crisis? Farfan, J., and C. Breyer, 2017: Structural changes of global power generation capacity towards sustainability and the risk of stranded investments supported by a sustainability indicator. This includes risks of corruption in REDD+ processes (Sheng et al. Warner, K., 2018: Coordinated approaches to large-scale movements of people: Contributions of the Paris Agreement and the global compacts for migration and on refugees. A carbon tax, fuel tax, and carbon markets (cap and trade system or Emissions Trading System (ETS), or baseline and credit schemes, and voluntary markets) are predominant policy instruments that implement carbon pricing. Dupuy, 2018: Will REDD+ Safeguards Mitigate Corruption? Through the 1990s, managed care insurance schemes including health maintenance organizations (HMO), preferred provider organizations, or point of service plans grew from about 25% US employees with employer-sponsored coverage to the vast majority. ISO, 2017: Environmental Management Guidelines for Establishing Good Practices for Combatting Land Degradation and Desertification Part 1: Good Practices Framework. Collective action is context specific and rarely scaled up or replicated in other places (Samaddar et al.
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